Dear Brother in the Lord,
These are very good questions, ones well worth the asking...
i would like to share what God has shown me through His word on the subject you brought up, in hopes that it will help you find the answers that God has... i don't claim that my veiw is totally perfect or flawless, but as i see the way God has laid out in His Word, this is how i understand it.
1) What about the Jews before Christ?2) What about the gentiles before Christ?
The Bible says,
Rom 2:11 For there is no respect of persons with God.
He is holy, and no matter who you are, where you are, or what you are, it does not change the fact that He cannot dwell with sinfullness...
Rom 2:12 - 16 For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law; (For not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified. For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;) In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel.
So, we see that by these verses, both questions 1 and 2 are answered. They were judged according to their consciences, if they had not the written law, and by the written law, if they did have it.
3) What about people in distant lands where the gospel never reached since the time of Christ?
The same verses will answer this question, as well as Rom 1:18-32. Also see Psalm 9:17, John 3:14-21, 36.
If those in distant lands would be able to be saved through other means that Christ, then all that Christ did is in vain, and he would not have had to come, for,
2Co 5:14 For the love of Christ constraineth us; because we thus judge, that if one died for all, then were all dead...
All are dead and all need the Saviour. This is an immense reality that we all need to let sink deep into our hearts...
4) What about children who are aborted, or children who die before they are capable of understanding the gospel and making a choice?
Yet again, look at God's holiness, and His Soveriegnity... He will hold the wicked accountable. Now, since we are born with a sin nature, we have the TENDANCY to sin, and therefor, when we come to an age when we can comprehend, and our conscience is enlightened (If i may put it that way) THEN we are judged by God's law. Paul said something along these lines in Rom 7:9,
For I was alive without the law once: but when the commandment came, sin revived, and I died.
He was alive, but without the law?!?!? But in Romans 1, it says that the law is on their hearts... So, my only conclusion is that he is talking about his childhood (He is at this point sharing his testimony, somewhat). i could be wrong, but this seems to be the only conclusion we can draw from this, and checking it with other scripture.
So, that is what i see in the Scripture. If i am taking anything out of context, let me know, because i don't what to be using God's Holy Word wrongly... thanks!