This will hopefully help in this discussion. It is a little long, but is a [b]thorough evaluation through Scripture and History[/b] of this entire subject- the Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread.
Sincerely,
Walter
Throughout history a debate has raged concerning the proper timing of Christ's Passover. Many observe the Passover on the 14th of the first month (Abib) and the Feast of Unleavened Bread on the 15th. Others believe that both the Passover and the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread are on the 14th. Still others observe the Passover and first day of the Feast on the 15th of Abib. Why so much confusion? It need not be.
There is indeed a harmonization with the Old and New Testaments that reveal the two observances are clearly separate and distinct.
Part of the error is historical. After Judah and Benjamin went into Babylonian exile by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar, these two Israelite tribes combined what is known in the Bible as the Passover and the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread.
No one knows exactly when these two observances were combined, but what is known is that it happened during the Exile in Babylon. Israelites picked up a number of errors while under Babylonian influence, and the joining of Passover with the Feast was one of them. Because of this error some believe Passover is also the first high day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread.
The Encyclopaedia Judaica confirms the mistake committed by these Jews: "The feast of Passover consists of two parts: The Passover ceremony and the Feast of Unleavened Bread. Originally, both parts existed separately; but at the beginning of the [Babylonian] exile they were combined," Vol. 13, p. 169.
The book, The Torah, by W. Gunther Plaunt, corroborates, saying, "The Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread rituals were originally two separate observances which were combined sometime between the events of the Exodus and the redaction of the text" (p. 445).
Clearly, the Scriptures proclaim that the 14th of Abib marks the Passover memorial, while the 15th of Abib starts the Feast of Unleavened Bread. But two particular deviations from this truth exist. One is that the Passover is the first high Sabbath of the Feast of Unleavened Bread and falls on the 14th of Abib. The second is also that the Passover is the first high day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, but occurs on the 15th of Abib.
One central fact plainly obvious in Christ's Word is that the Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread are separate observances. Consider the following passages (from the KJV):
“5. In the fourteenth day of the first month at even is the Lord's passover.
6. And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the feast of unleavened bread unto the Lord: seven days ye must eat unleavened bread." (Lev. 23:5-6).
· "16. And in the fourteenth day of the first month is the passover of the Lord.
17. And in the fifteenth day of this month is the feast: seven days shall unleavened bread be eaten." (Num. 28:16-17).
Other translations are just as plain, including the NIV:
"[Yahweh’s] Passover begins at twilight on the fourteenth day of the first month. On the fifteenth day of that month [Yahweh’s] Feast of Unleavened Bread begins; for seven days you must eat bread made without yeast" (Lev. 23:5-6).
· "And in the fourteenth day of the first month is the Passover of [Yahweh]. And in the fifteenth day of this month is the feast: seven days shall unleavened bread be eaten" (Num. 28:16-17).
Clearly, the Passover is on the 14th of Abib, while the Feast of Unleavened Bread begins on the 15th of Abib and advances through the 21st day of Abib, making a seven-day Feast.
Ten Plain Proofs
At least 10 clear distinctions separate the Passover from the high day or the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread that follows it.
[b]1)[/b] The first proof that Passover is a separate memorial comes when Moses was told that Israel could not keep a [b]FEAST[/b]among the Egyptians. He emphasized twice to Pharaoh that he could not stay and [b]hold a FEAST[/b] where Israel was living at that time in Egypt, in a region called Goshen:
— "Afterward Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said, This is what Yahweh, the Elohim of Israel, says: Let my people go, so that they may hold a festival to me in the desert" (Ex. 5:1).
— "Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, go, sacrifice to your Elohim here in the land. But Moses said, That would not be right. The sacrifices we offer Yahweh our Elohim would be detestable to the Egyptians. And if we offer sacrifices that are detestable in their eyes, will they not stone us?" (Ex. 8:25-26).
Moses knew that holding a [b]FEAST[/b]among the Egyptians would be disastrous. First, Yahweh prohibited it. Second, the Egyptians were notorious for animal worship. They held sacred some of the same animals that Israel was required to sacrifice during the Feast of Unleavened Bread. Moses realized this fact and knew that by sacrificing these animals that he would be signing his own death warrant. Among other animals, the Egyptians worshiped bulls and cows to the god Hathor. They even venerated crops to honor Osiris, the god of vegetation and maker of grain. No wonder Moses could not hold Christ's Feast among them, with all of the daily animal and meal offerings that were required of Israel during the Feast.
Moses told Pharaoh that it was not possible to hold a Feast at that location. Still, God allowed the Passover to take place, there, in Egypt. Yahweh had commanded Israel to hold a [b]FEAST[/b] to Him in the wilderness, not among the Egyptians where they observed that Passover. How, then, could Passover be the first day of the Feast?
[b]2)[/b] Another difference between the two observances is the[b] characteristic mood of each. The Passover symbolizes a day of suffering and pain, while the Feast of Unleavened Bread is a time of joy. [/b]Let us detail these differences.
Two major events contribute to the solemnity of Passover. First, Passover is the day that the death angel passed over Egypt destroying all firstborn of both man and beast. Second, this is the day that Yahshua our Savior was impaled on the torture stake for our sins.
[b]The Feast of Unleavened Bread is memorable for one great event.[/b] It is the day on which the Israelites were freed to leave and were no longer serving the Egyptians as slaves. Their harsh, brick-making days were over.
[b]3)[/b] A third reason that [b]Passover could not be a High Day is that there was only one sacrifice offered on Passover, while many sacrifices were commanded for the Feast days.[/b]
In Numbers 28:24-25 Yahweh commands Israel to offer various sacrifices during the Feast of Unleavened Bread: "In this way prepare the food for the offering made by fire every day for seven days as an aroma pleasing to Yahweh; it is to be prepared in addition to the regular burnt offering and its drink offering. On the seventh day hold a sacred assembly and do no regular work."
[b]Here is an unmistakable command for additional offering for all seven days of the Feast. Nowhere in the Bible do we find these sacrifices commanded or offered by Israel or any other people during the Passover.
How could the Passover be the first day of the Feast, with no evidence of these other offerings given on the Passover?
[b]In addition, the unleavened bread on Passover specifically represents Christ’s sacrificed body given in death for us (Matt. 26:26). But the unleavened bread of the Feast has a different meaning. Paul writes in 1Corinthians 5:8 that the unleavened bread of the Feast stands for "sincerity and truth." Confusing these by combining the two observances perverts the different purpose and design for these unleavened symbols.[/b]
[b]4)[/b] [b]A fourth fact is that Passover is never called a Sabbath or High Day. In Exodus 12:25-26 and Exodus 13:5 Passover is called a "service." [/b]
The Hebrew word for service is No. 5656, abodah in Strong’s Concordance, and is defined as "work of any kind." How could the Passover be a Sabbath when the Hebrew word that depicts the Passover means to engage in work? Work is strictly prohibited on a Sabbath or Feast High Day.
[b]5)[/b] [b]A fifth and often overlooked criterion for Passover as a non-High Day is that the Passover is referred to as a Preparation day for the Feast in the New Testament.[/b]
In Mark 15:42-43 Joseph of Arimathaea asks for the body of Yahshua the day before the first high Sabbath of the Feast of Unleavened Bread: "42. And now when the even was come, because it was the preparation, that is, the day before the sabbath,
43. Joseph of Arimathaea, an honourable counsellor, which also waited for the kingdom of God, came, and went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus.(KJV)
Jesus was impaled on the Passover, which is called the Preparation day, the day before the High Sabbath or the first High Day of the Feast. Joseph of Arimathaea knew that he had to remove Yahshua from the stake before sunset, which started the first High Sabbath of the Feast.
[b]Another passage that validates the Passover as a day of preparation is Luke 23:53-54. In this passage Joseph of Arimathaea removed the body of Yahshua from the stake and prepared it for burial: "53. And he took it down, and wrapped it in linen, and laid it in a sepulchre that was hewn in stone, wherein never man before was laid.
54. And that day was the preparation, and the sabbath drew on.” (KJV)[/b]
Note the plain statement that the Passover was the Preparation day while the High Sabbath was yet to come. The Hebrew word for Preparation in Strong’s Greek Dictionary is No. 3904, paraskeue, "as if from No. 3903; meaning, to make ready or prepare one self." The day of Preparation is the Preparation day for the Feast that follows the Passover.
[b]The Passover is a day to make ready for the Feast of Unleavened Bread by removing all leavening from one’s premises. Remember that Passover is also called a service, pertaining to work.[/b]
"Drew on" is epiphosoko in the Greek and literally means "to begin to" or draw on toward." The High Day was about to begin, not come to an end, after Yahshua was taken down and put in the tomb. If the women would not so much as visit the tomb on the weekly Sabbath (Luke 23:56-24:1), how could Joseph of Arimathaea, a Jewish follower of Yahshua, literally work to take the body down and prepare it for burial on a High Sabbath?
[b]6)[/b][b]A sixth distinction that eliminates the Passover from a High Sabbath of the Feast is that the commandment of the Passover was only for the circumcised, while the Feast and Sabbaths were commanded for ALL in the household to observe, circumcised as well as uncircumcised.[/b]
In Exodus 12:19 God commands all of Israel, including the uncircumcised stranger, to observe the Feast of Unleavened Bread: " Seven days shall there be no leaven found in your houses: for whosoever eateth that which is leavened, even that soul shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, whether he be a stranger, or born in the land. (KJV)
God says in Exodus 12:43, however, that no stranger or alien may partake of His Passover. All must be circumcised: "And the Lord said unto Moses and Aaron, This is the ordinance of the passover: There shall no stranger eat thereof: (KJV).
[b]7)[/b][b] A seventh factor that clearly separates the Passover from a Sabbath or High Day is the strict prohibition against working on the Sabbaths. [/b]
This regulation can be seen in two passages. In Exodus 20, starting with verse 8, we have the Fourth Commandment: "Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. 9. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: 10. But the seventh day is the sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: 11. For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.”
[b]God commanded no work whatsoever be done on His Sabbath day. This command is the same for the High Days of the Feast in passages found in Exodus 12 and Leviticus 23.[/b]
In Luke 23:26 Simon of Cyrene comes out of the country — a literal field — on Passover day. "And as they led him away, they laid hold upon one Simon, a Cyrenian, coming out of the country, and on him they laid the cross, that he might bear it after Jesus. (KJV).
[b][color=0033FF]The Greek word for country in this passage is No. 68, agros. Strong’s defines agros as: "a field (as a drive for cattle): generally the country, spec. a farm, i.e. hamlet." Incidentally, from agros we get our word agriculture.
Here one of Christ’s own disciples comes out of the agros or field on Passover day, indicating that Simon was working in the fields on Passover day. Neither Simon nor any other disciple would have done this on a Sabbath or High Day because of the strict prohibition against work on a High Day.[/color][/b]
[b]8)[/b] [b]An eighth factor witnessing against a High Day Passover is that no buying or selling is permitted on a High Day. When Israel returned to Jerusalem under Nehemiah, Nehemiah commanded them not to buy or sell on Christ's Sabbath or Holy Day (Neh. 10:31): " And if the people of the land bring ware or any victuals on the sabbath day to sell, that we would not buy it of them on the sabbath, or on the holy day: and that we would leave the seventh year, and the exaction of every debt.”(KJV) The NIV states it as: "When the neighboring peoples bring merchandise or grain to sell on the Sabbath, we will not buy from them on the Sabbath or on any holy day" (NIV).[/b]
[b][color=0033FF]We find an additional proof in John 13:26-30, when Christ dips the bread ("sop" means a morsel, not a slice of leavened bread) and gives it to Judas Iscariot, the one that was soon to betray him. Jesus said, "It is the one to whom I will give this piece of bread when I have dipped it in the dish. Then, dipping the piece of bread, he gave it to Judah Iscariot, son of Simon. As soon as Judah took the bread, Satan entered into him. ‘What you are about to do, do quickly,’ Jesus told him, but no one at the meal understood why Jesus said this to him. Because Judah had charge of the money, some thought Jesus was telling him to buy what was needed for the Feast, or to give something to the poor. As soon as Judas had taken the bread, he went out. And it was night."
We see two key facts within this passage. One is that Christ's disciples acknowledged that the Feast had not yet begun, therefore the statement, "to buy what was needed for the Feast." Remember that this was the start of Passover night. The other fact is that Christ's disciples thought that Jesus gave the money to Judas in order to purchase supplies. But that would violate the commandment not to buy or sell on a High Day or the Sabbath.
Would Jesus have prompted his own disciple to break Christ's law if this Passover were a High Day? By His own instructions to Judas, Jesus shows that the Passover is neither Sabbath nor High Day. Nowhere does the Bible contain a prohibition against buying or selling on Passover.[/color][/b]
[b]9)[/b] A ninth fact is found in the [b]Seder service held by the Jews today.[/b] The Jews hold a Seder on the 14th of Abib to commemorate the Passover meal. The Seder service consists of prescribed foods, each of which symbolizes some aspect of the first Passover in Egypt. For example, they partake of horseradish, which signifies the bitterness of the first Passover. They also eat a blend of chopped nuts and apples, which symbolizes the building mortar used by the Israelites in their slavery. Also during this memorial the account of Exodus is retold and prayers of thanksgiving are offered to Yahweh. The entire family always observes the Seder service together.
What is interesting is that the Seder service is not a High Day service, but a memorial on the 14th, just as was the Passover. On the one hand the Jews today honor the 14th Passover by observing the Seder service as a memorial, but at the same time they hold Passover on the 15th of Abib. Clearly we see a blending of the true Passover on the 14th with a tradition of keeping the 15th Passover that emerged from their Babylonian captivity.
[b]10)[/b][b][color=0033FF] A tenth reason why Passover is not a High Day or the first day of the Feast may be found in two passages contained in Matthew 26:5 and Mark 14:2:
— "When [Jesus] had finished saying all these things, he said to his disciples, ‘As you know, the Passover is two days away — and the Son of Man will be handed over to be impaled.’ Then the chief priests and the elders of the people assembled in the palace of the high priest, whose name was Caiaphas, and they plotted to arrest [Jesus] in some sly way and kill him. ‘But not during the Feast,’ they said, ‘or there may be a riot among the people’ " (Matt. 26:1-5, NIV).
— "1. After two days was the feast of the passover, and of unleavened bread: and the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take him by craft, and put him to death. 2. But they said, Not on the feast day, lest there be an uproar (riot) of the people.
(Mark 14:1-2 , (KJV)
The Jewish religious authorities were planning to take and kill Jesus, but they knew that it would not be possible to do so on a Feast day, for that was against the Law of Moses. Therefore, they knew that He had to be taken and killed before the Feast. Instead, they accomplished their deeds on Passover itself, proving it was not a Feast High Sabbath.[/color][/b]
Let’s Review the Facts
The Passover is commanded for the beginning of the 14th of Abib, at dusk, while the Feast of Unleavened Bread comes on the 15th. The Passover is a memorial separate from the first day of the Feast. The following ten points offer unmistakable proof of this fact:
• God said Israel could not keep a Feast among the Egyptians; they were able to keep the Passover in Goshen because it was not a Feast. Passover is a memorial service of the death angel’s Passing over as well as the death of Jesus under the renewed Covenant.
• Passover is a time of pain and suffering; the Feast is a time to joyfully celebrate freedom.
• Passover had only one sacrificial offering, while each day of the Feast had many commanded sacrifices.
• The unleavened bread of the Passover service has different meaning and significance from the unleavened bread eaten each day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread.
• Work was done on the Passover; work was prohibited on the High Days of the Feast of Unleavened Bread.
• Only the circumcised could observe Passover; all were commanded to keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread.
• Passover is never called a High Day or Sabbath. Rather, it is called the Preparation day for the Feast.
• Commerce was done on Passover day; commerce was
prohibited on all Feast High Days.
• The Seder on the 14th is a throwback to the true Passover and is not a High Day.
• The Jewish leaders would not take and kill Jesus on a High Day; but they did do so on the Passover.
The truth of the matter is that God Commanded the Israelites to keep the Feast of the Lord forever, as a memorial.
[b][color=0033FF]If we take all the evidence from the Scriptures into consideration, we are left with only one conclusion: Passover is on the 14th, the Feast of Unleavened begins with a High Day on the 15th. [/color][/b]
Sincerely,
Walter
