philologos,First of all, thanks for the post. I really appreciate you engaging me here on this material. I really appreciate your perspective.I will admit that I have posted using some pretty large generalities. Most don't know as much about this as you and I obviously do. I am well aware of what you have posted. Please forgive me if in my generalities I have written in error. Usually if I go into all of the specifics, people get bored to death, so I try to summarize for the benefit of the curious. It is easier for someone reading a short post to understand two main streams, than sub-streams and the different percentages of agreements between all of the papyri related to those streams. We have to begin somewhere. I really think you would enjoy "Crowned with Glory" by Dr. Holland. I posted it under the book review column. It is a great introduction and I think you will agree.You write as if the Received Text and the Byzantine textform were the same things; of course they are not.Technically you have a point, but many scholars have different standards of classification and different criteria for their text family. The RT, Byz, Majority, etc. are all different classifications of the same family of viable manuscripts. Call it what you may. Pick a term. So many people disagree on what to call it and what to include. I have chosen to call it the Received Text, but have not limited this to what Erasmus had. How could I? We both know what he had. (I probably think he had more than you do, but I don't know where you are on this) But we can both agree that he didn't have near what we know exists of this today. We do know that he did not only refer to the Greek, but to the Old Latin as well. I apologize for not specifying my criteria for my term. I didn't know if anyone would fully appreciate it here. I'm glad you do. Here is an exerpt of Dr. Holland's book:Biblical preservation does not demand the rejection of textual criticism. It is just as essential for the student of biblical preservation to be aware of the textual evidence as it is for any student of textual criticism. The biblical preservationist, however, first approaches the subject theologically and then considers the existing textual evidence, usually in light of the promise of preservation.Because there are variants within all the existing manuscripts, the science of textual criticism is conjectural. Different scholars examining the same manuscripts will produce differing Greek texts. This is why there are now three basic Greek texts of the New Testament in circulation: the Critical Text, the Majority Text, and the Textus Receptus.The Critical Text is the basis for the majority of modern Bible translations today. It is currently reflected in the Greek New Testaments of the UBS-4 (United Bible Societies fourth edition) and the NA-27 (Nestle-Aland twenty-seventh edition). These two texts are now identical in regard to their Greek text, but differ in regard to their critical apparatus (the footnotes discussing the different textual variants). Generally, the Critical Text reflects a textual line called Alexandrian, a name that is explained later in this chapter.The Majority Text is a work in progress. As the name suggests, it catalogs the majority of the existing Greek manuscripts and reflects a consensus of these manuscripts. However, it does not use all of the existing manuscripts; instead, it uses only a portion of those manuscripts that would reflect what is considered the majority. [There are currently two editions of the Majority Text: The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text (Nelson, 1985) by Zane C. Hodges and Arthur L. Farstad, and The New Testament in the Original Greek According to the Byzantine/Majority Textform (Original Word Publishers, 1991) by Maurice A. Robinson, William G. Pierpont, and William David McBrayer.]The Textus Receptus was the standard Greek text for centuries. It was used by Protestant translators during the Reformation, and is responsible for the Authorized Version and its English forerunners. [The Textus Receptus used by the translators of the King James Version was that of Theodore de Beza (1589 and 1598). The basic text of this edition has been reproduced by The Trinitarian Bible Society (1976) and is entitled, The New Testament: The Greek Text Underlying the English Authorized Version of 1611. This was based on the work by F. H. A. Scrivener, The New Testament in the Original Greek according to the text followed in the Authorized Version (Cambridge University Press, 1894 and 1902).] The Majority Text and the Textus Receptus are very similar (except in the book of Revelation) because both reflect the majority of existing Greek manuscripts.The Byzantine Text. The name is derived from the Byzantine Empire, as it is the type of text copied by Byzantine monks. There are more manuscripts of this text-type than of the other three combined. This line of manuscripts would reflect the Greek Textus Receptus that was used to produce the King James Version. It is also known as the Traditional Text or the Syrian Text.The Alexandrian Text. The name refers to Alexandria, Egypt where scribes prepared most of these texts. Most contemporary versions are derived from this textual line. The three most important manuscripts that reflect this text-type are Alexandrinus [Codex Alexandrinus is of the Alexandrian textual line except in the four Gospels. There it reflects the Byzantine textual line.] (also known as Codex A, fifth century), Sinaiticus (also known as Codex Alpha, fourth century), and Vaticanus (also known as Codex B, fourth century). [Most scholars today only recognize two text-types: The Alexandrian and the Byzantine.]The Western Text. Some scholars debate whether this is a real text-type or not. Most believe it is, while others deny its existence as a text-type because of the vast diversity within its representative manuscripts. [Frederic Kenyon, Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1912), 356. E. C. Colwell, "The Greek New Testament with a Limited Critical Apparatus: its Nature and Uses," in Studies in New Testament and Early Christian Literature, ed. D. E. Aune (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972), 33.] This line has several sub-groups of manuscripts or families within it. The text is longer than the Alexandrian, sometimes given to paraphrases, and is closer to the Byzantine Text. Some have considered this the oldest textual line. [Bruce Metzger, The Text Of The New Testament, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 213-214.] Codex Bezae (also known as Codex D05) in the Gospels and Acts and Codex Claromontanus (also known as Codex D06) in the Epistles reflect the Western Text. The majority of the Old Latin manuscripts are usually classified as Western.The Caesarean Text. This text-type seems to be a mixture of the Western and Alexandrian line of manuscripts. It is represented in a few manuscripts (Q, 22, 28, 565, 700, family 1, and family 13). [A "family" is a cluster of manuscripts that reflect the same characteristics and therefore are grouped together.] Some believe it was derived in Egypt by Origen and brought to Caesarea. Because it is a mixture, some question if this should be classified as a separate text-type. [At the beginning of the twentieth century, Kirsopp Lake expounded the possible existence of the Caesarean textual line. Others, such as B. H. Streeter, suggested that this was a new text-type. However, the textual line lacks pure representatives, most demonstrating a significant mixture with the Byzantine text. Larry W. Hurtado has argued against the Caesarean text, Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text: Codex W in the Gospel of Mark (Studies and Documents 43, Eerdmans, 1981).]You wrote:Although there is evidence that Origen had copies of the scripture transcribed there is no evidence to sugggest that he 'created' this family of texts. If were are to understand the complicated history of transmission of the text we cannot afford this kind of historical myth.Go look at your quote of me. I didn't say he alone created it. I said, "created at the hands of such men as Origen." Key words, "such men as" Origen. If we cannot lay this charge at the foot of Origen and other like-minded scholars of Alexandria, there is no where we may lay this charge. Do you deny that he was a central figure?As for the Johannine comma (1 Jn. 5:7), the Greek grammar does not allow for an omition. Erasmus knew this. He had the evidence of the Old Latin to confirm it. This is the man who provided 'verbatum' 83% of our KJV. Incidentally, Tyndale's version is less of a literal equivalence translation than is the KJV, so in some ways the KJV is more 'accurate' in its word for word translation.I am well aware of this and I thank God for Tyndale. I am also well aware that much of the translational difference had to do with synonym word choice and the shaping of the text to allow for poetic flow. Tyndale was friends with Luther who was less literal than the KJV as well. But we couldn't say they were dynamic equivalent. They actually produced real literal translations. They were translating for to the common man and had this in their hearts. Praise God for that.However the KJV was heavily influenced by the political considerations of the day in which King James himself insisted that Tyndale's 'congregation, love and acknowledge' were replaced with the KJV's 'church, charity and confess'.In any kingdom there are political considerations. But remember that the KJV, while dedicated to the monarch, was not royally funded. None of the translators were paid for their work. They translated more out of permission than commission. They had three committees composed of both Anglicans and Puritans. Any man could send a suggestion. And many learned men did. Yes, the king provided guidelines, but good ones. James I was groomed to be a scholar. Remember, though his mother was a fiery Catholic, she died early in his life. He was groomed by John Knox Scotch Presbyterians. He even knew Knox as a young boy. The king was a godly man who was highly trained as a scholar. He placed wonderful guidelines that would guide the translation. Pretty good politics. Of course he was concerned with his position as head of the Anglican church, but another maybe more pressing concern was that he denied the Calvinistic elements of his Presbyterian upbringing. He discouraged Anglican ministers from preaching on predestination and the like.As per your "congregation, love and acknowledge", these are synonyms to "church, charity and confess." Though I agree that the word "church" has its roots in the goddess Circe, there are elements of all Gentile tongues that have pagan roots that have little to no replacement. No one who uses the word "church" today thinks "goddess." They think of Christianity and Scripture. I'm not saying that congregation wouldn't have been better. Wycliffe sure liked it better. I think they used church more because of the fact it has less sylables and fits meter much better. I don't think it was all the king's doing.Thanks for your referral of David Daniel. I thought you meant David Daniels of Chick Publications. (great guy)I want to encourage you to pick up Gail Riplinger's new book, "In Awe of Thy Word." It is over 1,000 pages thick. The second half of the book is a gold mine. She really does here work. She taught herself Gothic to write it. Anyone into this subject as much as you should consider getting a copy. She also has it on CD-ROM with the "Nuremburg Polyglot," the "Tome of the Paraphrases of Erasmus upon the New Testament", the 8-volume "Acts and Monuments" by John Foxe, and of course the KJV text. Great buy. This is availible from A.V. Publications.Great to discuss this with you. OK, let's hear your reply. (I love these conversations) :-D God bless you, brother!RT(BTW, great nickname)