Can I whisper something into this? :)
The OP quoted -- without citing -- Paul's argument in Romans 9.
I want to offer this -- and I know it'll be rebutted and dismissed by some, but I offer it humbly any way: that Romans 9 is not referring to individual "vessels" but to Israel as the nation of the promise ("vessels of mercy") and to the Gentiles as "vessels of wrath". The entire context of Chapter 9 - 11 has nothing to do with individuals and their particular salvation or damnation.
Romans 9-11 is one of the brilliant pieces of writing ever. Well, the whole epistle is, but you get my point. I don't know of any other writing like Romans where an elaborately long and perfectly stated argument is made (chapter 1-8) that continues PERFECTLY in two different places (chapters 9-11 on the one hand, and chapter 12 on the other). You COULD read Romans 1-8, skip 9-11, and pick up with 12:1 ff. and it make total sense. Of course, it would be incomplete because 9-11 are vital in every sense of the word. That's one reason why this is such a brilliant piece of writing.
But, 9-11 as a unit is an argument about God's purpose for Israel. It MUST be read so because that's what it is.
Paul already discussed how INDIVIDUALS are saved in Rom. 3:22-24. He already said that the gospel is the power of God unto salvation for those who believe, first the Jew then the Greek (Gentile) in Romans 1:16.
In Matthew 21:42-44, Jesus told the Pharisees what was going to happen NATIONALLY to Israel as they rejected Himself as Messiah. In Romans 9, Paul affirms Jesus and explains how and -- in one of the few times in the Scripture we get "whys" to things -- why God was/is doing with Israel because of Jesus. You know this is what he is doing because he tells you, elaborating "hey, I love Israel and would let myself be cut off from Christ if the nation of Israel in the flesh would be saved, but it isn't like God's word has failed them or anything because not all of natural/national Israel is really Israel. They are Israel because God chose them. God's choice is what makes Israel Israel." Then, he goes on in the rest of chapter 9 to make clear how that is the case.
This makes perfect sense. After all, we all here have read the prophets in the OT and we all know Israel's attitude as a nation was, "Hey, we're Israel. God's not going to let us be taken exile." They missed the point. They kept missing the point all the way to their rejection of Jesus as their Messiah. Jesus told them the consequence of that, and it is to our fortune as Gentiles of course, so that we might be partakers of the promises, too! But, for Israel the nation in the flesh, they rejected that. So, what is God doing with Israel? Jesus said it in Matthew 21:42-44, and Paul explains it more fully broken down into its elements in Romans 9.
God chose Jacob over Esau because it was God's sovereign choice to do so, not because Jacob merited it --- thus taking away Israel's long-held belief that they merited God's promises. Rom. 9:10-12. It is not about individual salvation. To quote Whitney Houston, "that's whack." :) It is about why God chose Israel and how He went about it. By God's sovereign grace, He chose Israel as His covenant people through whom to deliver His word, His promises and ultimately His Son and our salvation.
In 9:14-18, Paul makes it clear that this choice is up to God, not men. God alone says what nation (Israel) He would choose to bring Himself to humanity. It's His choice. He doesn't let us tell Him. In fact, Paul cites God's firm control over it by alluding to Exodus 33 where Moses contended with God over how He ought to reveal Himself to Israel. God would only reveal His glory to Moses, and then only in part, and then only because He chose and not because Moses insisted. Likewise, God chooses which nation -- Israel -- He would use. And, He did exactly that.
Neither can a man stop God from exercising His will among the nations. Paul uses Pharoah as a case in point. God "hardened" (or, strengthened) Pharoah's dark heart to do what Pharoah wanted to do anyway -- stop Israel from leaving, keep them as his slaves. But, God showed him big-time how not even a king could stop Him and His strategy among the nations.
Just read chapter 9 closely. You'll see.